Showing posts with label soliman. Show all posts
Showing posts with label soliman. Show all posts

Saturday, September 21, 2024

The Adventures of Natomi, a Nitrogen Atom on Earth and in Space

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Once upon a time, I lived in the vast expanse of Earth's atmosphere.

My name is Natomi. A nitrogen atom. In our chemical species, we form

strong bonds with each other. Each couple is called N2. We are very

important to life. My family and I form about 78% of Earth's

atmosphere, making us the most abundant chemical species in air.. I

mostly live in the atmosphere with my family and peers drifting through

the skies for millions of years, enjoying the freedom of the open air..

Let me tell you about some of my adventures and various forms I get into

throughout my long life;

A few million years ago, I met an old family member, another nitrogen atom

named Nate. We were thrilled to see each other and decided to bond

together, forming a molecule of nitrogen gas (N₂). We floated together,

sharing stories of our journeys and the places we had been.

Our reunion was short-lived, however, as we were soon captured by a group

of nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the soil. The bacteria transformed us each

into ammonia (NH₃). I realised that this was just another step in my endless

cycle. I was taken up by the roots of a nearby plant, where I became part

of the plant's structure. I occur in all organisms, primarily in amino acids

(and thus proteins), in the nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) and in the energy

transfer molecule adenosine triphosphate.

As the plant grows,I get consumed by a grazing animal. I travel through

the animal's body, becoming part of its tissues and helping it grow

strong. When the animal excretes waste or eventually dies - I find myself

back in the soil. I break down from other elements and tissues with the help

of archaea, bacteria, and fungi. Then, into the soil again in a new form,

and into plants again - and on it goes, till I eventually return to the

atmosphere - where I can unite with my family.

A few thousand years later, I found Nattei and we reunited, but ourn

reunio was broken uprubtly. Before we could say goodbye, a bolt of

lightning separated us into new molocules of ammonia and nitrate. We

then fell down and re-entered soil in rain water, and off it went. the

same cycle. from plants to animals to soil to plants to animals to

soil to microorganisms then back into the waters and air.

Don't get me wrong. It's not that I fear adventures or only hang out

with family... I enjoy hanging out with friends too!! I may not support

life as oxygen does, but I'm life itself to the cells and tissues of

living organisms when I hang out with carbon and phosphorus. I - the

very same atom - alternate between being organic or inorganic. I feed

the earth. I prevent it from burning - but - there is a warning! I

can also poison if my cycles have been disrupted. Can you help me

stop that?

Il était une fois, je vivait dans la vaste étendue de l'atmosphère

terrestre. Je m'appelle Natomi. Un atome d'azote. Dans notre espèce

chimique, nous formons des liens forts les uns avec les autres.

Chaque couple est appelé N2. Nous sommes très importants pour

la vie. Ma famille et moi formons environ 78 % de l'atmosphère terrestre,

ce qui fait de nous l'espèce chimique la plus abondante dans l'air. Je

vis principalement dans l'atmosphère avec ma famille et mes pairs,

dérivant dans les cieux pendant des millions d'années, profitant de la

liberté du grand air.

Laissez-moi vous raconter certaines de mes aventures et les différentes

formes que j'ai rencontrées tout au long de ma longue vie;

Il y a quelques millions d'années, j'ai rencontré un ancien membre de ma

famille, un autre atome d'azote nommé Nate. Nous étions ravis de nous voir

et avons décidé de nous lier ensemble, formant une molécule d'azote gazeux

(N₂). Nous avons flotté ensemble, partageant des histoires de nos voyages et

des endroits où nous étions allés.

Nos retrouvailles furent cependant de courte durée, car nous fûmes bientôt

capturés par un groupe de bactéries fixatrices d'azote dans le sol. Ces

bactéries nous transformèrent chacun en ammoniac (NH₃). J'ai réalisé que

ce n'était qu'une autre étape de mon cycle sans fin. J'ai été absorbé par

les racines d'une plante voisine, où je suis devenu partie intégrante de

la structure de la plante. Je suis présent dans tous les organismes,

principalement dans les acides aminés (et donc les protéines), dans les

acides nucléiques (ADN et ARN) et dans la molécule de transfert d'énergie

adénosine triphosphate.

Au fur et à mesure que la plante grandit, je suis consommé par un animal

qui broutait. Je voyage à travers le corps de l'animal, devenant une partie

de ses tissus et l'aidant à devenir fort. Lorsque l'animal excrète des

déchets ou finit par mourir, je me retrouve dans le sol. Je me décompose à

partir d'autres éléments et tissus avec l'aide des archées, des bactéries

et des champignons. Puis, dans le sol à nouveau sous une nouvelle forme,

et dans les plantes à nouveau - et ainsi de suite, jusqu'à ce que je

retourne finalement dans l'atmosphère - où je peux me réunir avec ma

famille.

Quelques milliers d'années plus tard, j'ai retrouvé Nattei et nous nous

sommes réunis, mais notre réunion a été brutalement brisée. Avant que

nous puissions nous dire au revoir, un éclair nous a séparés en de

nouvelles molécules d'ammoniac et de nitrate. Nous sommes ensuite tombés

et sommes rentrés dans le sol avec l'eau de pluie, et c'est reparti.

Le même cycle. Des plantes aux animaux, du sol aux plantes aux animaux,

du sol aux micro-organismes, puis de retour dans les eaux et l'air.

Ne vous méprenez pas. Ce n'est pas que j'ai peur des aventures ou que je

ne passe pas de temps qu'avec ma famille... J'aime aussi passer du temps

avec des amis ! Je ne soutiens peut-être pas la vie comme le fait

l'oxygène, mais je suis la vie elle-même pour les cellules et les tissus

des organismes vivants lorsque je passe du temps avec du carbone et du

phosphore.

Je - le même atome - alterne entre l'organique et l'inorganique. Je

nourris la terre. Je l'empêche de brûler - mais - il y a un avertissement!

Je peux aussi empoisonner si mes cycles ont été perturbés. Pouvez-vous

m'aider à arrêter cela ?

Monday, June 6, 2022

Intervention: The Impact of New Businesses & Technologies - The 6th meeting of the KCI - UNFCCC

 




My Name is Gihan Soliman, from the International-Curricula Educators Association with the WMG.


1- In discussing new technologies, it’s important to research their impact on people with multiple intersecting vulnerabilities, yet a heightened co-benefits to people and the environment, such as indigenous women in developing countries (I can give an example of this if time permits). Technology is mediated by the socio-economics of Neoliberalism and therefore has the effect of intensifying inequality among people and nations. 


2- We discuss AI in an instrumental sense; as a tool, but we’ve been warned by great scientists, such as Steven Hawking, against AI dominating our socioeconomics and gaining independence from the human purpose. I suggest that this research element be advanced in any study of the impact of new technologies on response measures. 


A strong example of this is the indigenous women of the Salar Uyuni in Bolivia whose, livelihood, low-profile (but nature-preserving) technology, and ecosystems are threatened by lithium mining critically linked to some response measures such as increasing the efficiency of electric vehicles, for instance. 


Recommendation: Make sure the language reflects the need to focus on people with multiple vulnerabilities and heightened environmental co-benefits. Taxation of automation is one way to support those communities as the world continues to reap benefits from their unpaid environmental roles/services in protecting soils and the atmosphere. Additionally, more funding for research on knowledge-transfer pros and cons, balances and checks, and the role of women in community development is very much welcome. 


[Due to time limitations, only text in black were read]

Monday, May 9, 2022

WMG STATEMENT at the 7th Multi-stakeholder Forum on Science, Technology and Innovation for SDGs

Watch on Youtube





Friday, May 6th
Special Event 3: Supporting national capacities and the Partnership in Action for STI4SDG roadmaps
SPECIAL EVENT
12:15 PM-1:15 PM


Gihan Soliman, BA, PGCE, MSc, RSci, Soil Sci
International-Curricula Educators Association

Presented at the 7th Multi-stakeholder Forum on Science, Technology and Innovation for the Sustainable Development Goals
www.icea-global.org
03/05/22

As we look forward to fully recover from COVID 19; thanks to the advances in science, technology, and innovation (STI), we also worry about the injustice STI brings to the table. Technology has surely enhanced human performance to an unprecedented level yet intensified inequality among individuals and nations. The pandemic exposed such paradoxes in the uneven distribution of vaccine and medication, for one. In fact, the year 2021, witnessed three STI paradigm shifts in the human history, introducing boundless opportunities as well as fears for the future beyond Covid 19; 1) the STI-triggered emergence of a self-replicating xenobot [1], 2) the ‘Human Augmentation’ thinkpiece [2] published by the UK Defence and Military, accepting that technology is a form of evolutionary Selection resulting in an ‘augmented’ existence of the human kind comprising physical, biological as well as socioeconomic dimensions [3][4][5]; 3) and finally, the issuance of the first 1-12 AI curriculum by the UNESCO [6], marking a significant adjustment of the educational system to accommodate our relationship to machines. Despite the improved overall capacity [7], our interaction with technology is generally mediated by a global economic system deeply rooted in Neoliberalism: cut-throat competition and inequality among people, genders, age-groups, and nations. Responses [8] include, but not limited to, a) Transformative education and interdisciplinary research, assessing the environmental and socioeconomic implications of the ever-evolving human-machine symbiosis; b) Media literacy (and indeed democracy). c) Incentivising STIs solutions that boost synergies among people, species, genders, and nations and empowering indigenous women, in harmony with the dynamics of nature. d) Weighing opportunities against risks as we evaluate nature-based solutions against massive-scale industrialisation and reliance on automation. Without systemic change and active involvement of all stakeholders, structural inequalities and human rights violations will continue to shape our post-pandemic world.




Wednesday, March 30, 2022

Gender Equality in the Era of 'Human Augmentation': Technology Transfer for Conservation, Quality Education & Gender Equality; Case Studies from the Global South

 



side event to the 7th Multi-stakeholder Forum on Science, Technology, and Innovation for the Sustainable Development Goals (STI Forum), to be held on 5-6 May 2022 by the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs - Sustainable Development.


Gihan S. Soliman 

International Curricula Educators Association

Gender Equality in the Era of 'Human Augmentation': Technology Transfer for Conservation, Quality Education & Gender Equality; Case Studies from the Global South

WATCH VIDEO


Technology has surely enhanced human performance to an unprecedented level. Technology may also have its downside in that it intensifies inequality among people, genders, species, and nations. The 'Human Augmentation: The Dawn of a New Paradigm' is a recent publication by the UK Ministry of Defence designed to set the foundations for more detailed research and development of Human Augmentation. Human Augmentation [1], also known as, the Human Enhancement or Human 2.0 is not in fact a new concept. What’s new, and indeed considered a paradigm shift, is that the publication accepts Human Augmentation as a form of evolutionary advancement in the Darwinian sense (as seen in the illustration). A concept that I presented back nine years ago in a form of an Open Letter to the IUCN World Congress 2014 proposing that ‘We Are NOT just another species’ [2] and that the correction of the human taxonomic identity is way overdue; that we are rather a highly-complex kingdom of life, so to speak, comprising a biological, physical, and socioeconomic entanglement that I called the Homocybernetica [3]. The issue with the Human Augmentation perspective, though, is that it reduces the evolutionary advancement in the human organisation to a matter of ‘size’ with an implication that enhancement is guaranteed. It also represents human beings as mere users of technology and subject to its modification, disregarding the fundamental distinction as the ‘innovator’ or the maker of technology and thus overlooking the role of communication and socio-economics, as well as justice and equality in this evolution. Such disregard is alarming because technology is generally mediated by a socio-economic system deeply rooted in inequality and competition and might, if not appropriately addressed, continue to intensify injustice among people, genders and species - and that is a recipe for failure in the long run. The more viable route is to focus on the unity of kind, the role of communication, and the mobilisation of energy into our organisation through social and eco-friendly innovation not necessarily as a moral choice but simply for survival. We need to remember that the first form of technology was ‘making a fire’ and the first form of mass technology was organic agriculture and that augmentation does not necessarily make us better, more adaptive, or more efficient as the expression and illustration imply. Two study cases from Mexico (De la Chinampas) and Bolivia (PROINPA) showed alternative technology integrated successfully into the community with other non-invasive forms of technology to enhance production, social solidarity, and resilience while preserving the environment and species.

Reference List:

[1] Human Augmentation – The Dawn of a New Paradigm. 2021.A think-piece designed to set the foundation for more detailed research and development on human augmentation. Ministry of Defence of the United Kingdom.

[2] G. Soliman. 2014.We are not Just another Species;An Open Letter to the IUCNWorld Park Congress 2014,Australia. International-Curricula Educators Association.Available at http://www.icea-global.org/Publications.html. Accessed on 03/05/22.

[3] G. Soliman. 2019.‘Cybernetic Recombination, on the Biology of Technology, Revisiting Linnaeus Kingdom Minerals’ in G.Soliman. 2022.The Cybernetic Animal & the Shortfall in Taxonomy.The Cybernetic Society.Available at https://cybsoc.org/?p=2206&fbclid=IwAR15hpQCu2bpGaaYULVsjjeDy3oklBA6YbZ6zksEOmi5QGXnTlNLuSuFlWA.Accessed on 03/05/22.

Sunday, February 27, 2022

Sunday, January 9, 2022

Transforming the Food System - COP26

Event: We Are Zero Nation! by the Scottish Communities for Climate Action Network - COP26

🧩 Gihan Soliman – Transforming the Food System through Green Innovation, Conservation and Sharing Economy

Gihan Soliman is a food scientist and a soil scientist concerned about transforming the food system toward sustainable abundance. Soliman is a Trustee of the Permaculture Association Britain and a coordinator for the International Permaculture Network in Africa, Mediterranean, and the Middle East (IPNAMME); She believes that solutions come from the people. Soliman devised multiple actions reliant on green innovation, conservation, and environmental activism. She established the Gigi Moringa Ltd to harness the power of Moringa, pulses, fungi, and quinoa in one vegan food-product for integration into the daily diet. Moringa provides highly nutritious food plus other economical, medicinal and environmental services while standing in the soil holding it together and providing shelter for wildlife as well as storing carbon. Soliman is also working, among other scientists, on a quinoa-associated fungi biodiversity project in the Andes to protect biodiversity in habitats that might get affected by quinoa food production, for healthier and sustainable ecosystems.






















Sunday, September 19, 2021

Quinoa-associated fungi and bacteria in Bolivia: conservation and sustainable use

Quinoa-associated fungi and bacteria in Bolivia: conservation and sustainable use


Quinoa seeds are rich in protein, dietary fiber, B vitamins, amino acids, and dietary minerals in amounts greater than in many grains.





The spread of production of quinoa may involve farming into ecologically fragile ecosystems, threatening both the sustainability of producer agriculture and the biodiversity of quinoa. Working with several partners on this project aiming at healthier ecosystems, sustainable cultivation, and resilient communities. 

Stay tuned!


Tuesday, December 8, 2020

Lest we get into the 'wrong trousers'! Why correcting taxonomy is essential for conservation.

Technology is a good friend but may be a bad master!


                                                                   

                                        Getting into the 'wrong trousers' can be dangerous!

Lest humanity get into the 'wrong trousers' and lose the battle of survival to our own 'inventions', we need to understand the position of machines as living-system as they evolve and the real position of the human kind in nature.   

                                                                  
The wrong trousers 

                       [CLICK THE BOOK PICTURE TO GO TO GET IT ON AMAZON]


   Correcting the taxonomical identity of the human kind and technology is very significant to conservation of life as we realise that we don't and can't 'control' the evolution of machines but are perhaps still able to devise some legislations to protect the human kind from their rivalery. 


READ the Cybernetic Recombination & the Biology of Technolog to find out how bilogists missed out on technolgy as a form of life and on the correct position of the human kind in nature. 

The Cybernetic Recombination & the Biology of Technology is not a piece of science fiction, prediction or a clever projection but is a proposed correction of (biological) taxonomy to represent the status quo of humanity and life as is and has been for thousands of years based on evidence.

Copyrights October 2019 & Nov 2020

 

JOIN THE LINNEAN SOCIETY FOR MINERAL CYBERNETICS

Thursday, October 4, 2018

UK Fungus Day Edinburgh








In celebration of the magnificent biodiversity on our beautiful planet, come and join us on the UK Fungus Day 2018 at Leith Links, Edinburgh.


The UK Fungus Day 2018 will be held in Leith Community Croft in Edinburgh - on Saturday and Sunday the 6th and 7th of October, to celebrate and highlight the importance of fungi for our communities and ecosystems. The event is held by volunteers from the Permaculture Association Britain, Scotland Group. UKFD is sponsored by the British Mycological Society and hosted by the Leith Crops in Pots Community.

Talks on Saturday:

  • What are Fungi; Plants, Animals or Something Else? 

Cameron Diekonign: Foray Group Leader at the Fungus Group of South East Scotland

  • The Ecological and Socioeconomic Services of Fungi: The Value of Fungal Conservation. 


Read the event report all across the UK by the British Mycological Society.  
Gihan Soliman, BA, PGCE, MSc






Suitable for families.


We are waiting for you!




Monday, July 20, 2015

A Utopia? No, thanks!

Review:

Overwhelmed by reading the Guardian's The End of Capitalism Has Begun" (17/07/2015).

I couldn't but to compare it to my Education and Sustainable Development Goals - Notes on the HLPF published a week earlier. (10/07/2015).

Between my Note and the Guardian's article there are some common keywords such as;
  • Utopia/Utopic (goals)
  • Neoliberalism
  • Evolutionary
and key ideas such as;
  • The power shift from politicians to entrepreneurs through neoliberalism and;
  • the beginning of a new global era of sharing, solidarity, ..etc.
However, I see that declaring the "end of capitalism" and the arrival of a "Utopia" as pretty much naive and erratic. My idea - in spite of the apparent similarity, is that we are not there yet, and might never be there - in spite of the hard work and the good intentions, til we've managed to "align objectives" among stakeholders.

It is true that the sharing economy is on the rise, however, if this is necessarily an introduction to a Utopia, is dubious. Here is the paradox of a Utopia: You cannot expect to respect all people, all freedoms, all rights, all wishes, all cultures, and all needs of all people yet avoid conflict. Freedoms and rights MUST conflict at certain points and this is where priorities must be set.

So how can you have a Utopia without ultimate peace? Fear is that justice may be compromised - assuming that such ultimate peace is attainable.

The other paradox is that development is part of the sustainable development package. Development requires mobilization of resources. Mobilizing resources involves innovation. Innovation requires capital management. Capital management adheres to the dynamics of the free-market (neoliberalism)*. Unless capital management has been actually - and realistically, re-arranged to work for equality; that the poor and vulnerable don't get crushed by the powerful and the ultra-rich, declaring an "end of Capitalism" would only be a joke!

The Guardian's author states the Capitalism "will be abolished by creating something more dynamic that exists, at first, almost unseen within the old system, but which will break through, reshaping the economy around new values and behaviors. I call this postcapitalism".

So what exactly is this 'postcapitalism' which has already begun but will actually begin in the future and isn't anything that we really know or can define?!! It will come to "reshape and create" but it does not even exist?This is one of the most self-contradictory proposals I've ever encountered.

Anyway, he calls this transformation "post-capitalism" while I - based on the recent UN global convention in New York (The High Level Political Forum for Sustainable Development 2015 - HLPF), proposed the declaration of an era of global solidarity for conservation of life and survival of our human kind. The transformation in the horizon (global solidarity as described hereinabove), does not have to conflict with neoliberalism - in principle (even if it currently does). Neo-liberalism involves value exchange. When values change the game dynamics change subsequently. The breakthrough, then, begins by the successful philanthropic pressures of the masses, enlightened consumerism, social entrepreneurship and political will, in a fierce battle against hatred, discrimination and greed.

This proposal carries in it the justification, value and mechanism of transformation, but " The end of capitalism has begun" one, unjustifiably, celebrates what has not been yet attained - if ever.

Also, there is a difference between Utopic goals (i.e. as set of ambitious goals to reach equality, good health, freedom, peace for all), and the actual achievement of such goals. While goals must be ambitious, the designated means of implementation must be practical, rational and realistic, which why I proposed the Sustainable Development Goalsneeded to have been interlinked more coherently. The more we explore such interlinks, the more we hit areas of conflict and the easier it is to set priorities for implementation - based on mutual benefits (if possible) and the values we cherish the most.

There is still much work to do, and much hope in humanity, but it'll be all up to the people to get together and work for a better future.

*Please read the original notes for further explanation.

RELATED:
Education and Sustainable Development Goals - Notes on the HLPF
Justice between humans and animals - study

Thursday, July 9, 2015

Justice between humans and animals




Nature [1] has been said to work for the best of each "creature" (using Darwin's words). “She” (naturally) destroys the maladaptive traits and preserves the adaptive ones, leading to the continuation and amazing complexification of life. Individual organisms (including micro-organisms) often produce costly common goods and are preferential on whom would benefit from such common goods. Most organisms would help relatives because that is likely to perpetuate the kindness traits, otherwise, the common good would get plundered by “cheats” and “free-riders” who would not (by definition) contribute to the perpetuation of the genome/kind/species of the donor. This discrimination in itself ensures a sort of "justice" which often benefit the whole community/species/kind*.




The success of any species is tied up, surprisingly, to such discriminatory kindness. West et al (2006), explains an interesting experiment conducted on microorganisms communicating for the purpose of cooperation - necessary to perform several essential multicellular processes such as nutrient acquisition and dispersal. Some individuals in this bacteria groups namely Pseudomonas aeruginoshe produce a common good for the benefit of the group (sidrophores scavenging iron in this example), however, such production might be open to plunder by cheats within the same group, who do not produce such organic product and who would use the plundered sidrophores to out-number the altruistic productive individuals. When selfish individuals (cheats/mutants) out-number the altruistic one beyond the capacity of the patch/colony to provide nutrition and other essential organic products, the group inevitably perishes. West et al (2006), then explain how the altruistic bacteria uses two mechanisms to insure the sidrophores will be utilised exclusively by relatives (who according to the Kin selection theory, must be carrying the same altruistic traits and are thus likely to keep producing beneficial products for the survival of the colony), which may in turn, result in a potential inclusive fitness for the whole group. Those two mechanisms are the limited dispersal", and kin discrimination (the repression of competition). Kin recognition and kin discrimination in this example occur beyond the perception of the individuals while in higher organisms occur consciously, through the sensory system (based on physical characteristics such as the smell, features or location, as relatives tend to live in the same vicinity) (West et al, 2006).

The success of kin discrimination would naturally lead to the growth in number of the connected group and a gradual advancement of the organisation (Darwin, 1854; 1999), leading in turn to more growth in population (inclusive fitness). Now! In case of humans, this happen the other way round. Humans tend to think of the purpose of their actions and are capable of weighing possibilities against contextual and situational factors, relating this to past experience. This is called the faculty of "steermanship" (Weiner, 1948) or Cybernetics.



So while we are doing the same thing - in principle, the results are pretty much different. Humans' contribution to the welfare of their community do not always take the form of economic activities or biological production. How often we exchange materialistic/economic possession (represented in money) for recreational, spiritual, humanistic or artistic values. How often we feel estranged to some family members and close to strangers. Due to the faculty of observation, education and the use of cognitive artifacts, the human behaviour - as Darwin affirmed, is no longer governed by instincts but is rather a blend of natural dispositions ("social instincts"), social learning ("imitation and reinforcement") and values (morals), resulting in the evolution of morals, religions, education, cultures, social contracts, game theories, etc.



Great lawgivers, the founders of beneficent religions **, great philosophers and discoverers in science, aid the progress of mankind in a far higher degree by their works than by leaving a numerous progeny
                                                                                                                              (Darwin, 1854-99)From this argument we can see that species tend to work, consciously or unconsciously for the benefit of their kind, as part of their struggle to survive. In this context, justice (defined in light of collective-survival values) can replace kin discrimination, and as man advance in civilisation….

 

As man advances in civilization, and small tribes are united into larger communities, the simplest reason would tell each individual that he ought to extend his social instincts and sympathies to all the members of the same nation, though personally unknown to him. This point being once reached, there is only an artificial barrier to prevent his sympathies extending to the men of all nations and races.
                                                                                                                            (Darwin, 1854-99)






[1]

Nature in a Darwinian sense is the aggregate of natural laws and process
addressed as a singularity (Darwin, 1849-1871;1999)
*
This does not imply pre determinism ( see Park, 2007)
Park, J.H.(2007) Persistent Misunderstandings of Inclusive Fitness and Kin Selection: Their Ubiquitous Appearance in Social Psychology textbooks. Evolutionary Psychology – ISSN 1474-7049 – Volume 5(4). 2007-861
**
Caution must be practiced as we address the meaning of "beneficial religion". Evolutionary-wise, any moral system (or religion) that imposes a fixed code of conduct rather than a set of values, is maladaptive and pathogenic on the long run. 


West et al (2006) Altruism, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences,
University of Edinburgh Current Biology, Vol 16 No 13 R482


Read more in the Conservation of the Homo sapiens; the survival of the Wise
All copyrights reserved.





Saturday, June 20, 2015

نساء العالم وقضايا التنمية المستدامة

 يشرفني أن أشارك في غضون أيام في المنتدي السياسي الدول رفيع المستوي للتنمية المستدامة التي تقيمه الأمم المتحدة بمقرها في مدينة نيويورك ، ضمن ممثلي المجموعة النسائية الرئيسية.


  
ولمن لا يعلم ، المجموعة النسائية الرئيسية هي إحدى المجموعات الرئيسية التسعة التي أنشأت على إثر إجتماع قادة العالم في قمة الأرض الأولى للتنمية المستدامة في ريودي جينيرو بالبرازيل عام ١٩٩٢ ، حيث تم الإعتراف بالمجموعة كمساهم رئيسي في توجيه مباحثات التوصل لتحقيق التنمية المستدامة ، وصياغة المقترحات والسياسات وأوراق العمل ذات الصلة
المجموعة النسائية الرئيسية - كما يصفها موقع الأمم المتحدة الإلكتروني للتنمية المستدامة - هي نقطة إلتقاء محورية للمجلس الاقتصادي والاجتماعي التابع للأمم المتحدة ، والجمعية العامة لجميع سياسات الأمم المتحدة للتنمية المستدامة. تتألف المجموعة النسائية الرئيسية من قسمين:   أحدهما لــ "التنمية المستدامة" وهو مسؤول عن مخرجات ريو + 20 (مجموعة أهداف التنمية المستدامة ، تمويل التنمية المستدامة ، تنمية الدول الجزيرية الصغيرة ، الدول الجزيرية الصغيرة النامية، التكنولوجيا) والثاني لمتابعة جدول أعمال التنمية في مرحلة ما بعد 2015. وهو يغطي عمليات السياسات العالمية والإقليمية التابعة للأمم المتحدة. 
تضم أكثر من ٥٠٠ منظمة مجتمع مدني ذات قيادات أو أهداف نسوية ، أي تركز على تحقيق المساواة بين الجنسين و حقوق المرأة وكذلك تمكين المرأة ، من أجل مجتمع أكثر إتزاناً ، وكشرط أساسي من شروط التنمية المستدامة.

أما باقي المجموعات الرئيسية فهي

مجموعة الأعمال التجارية والصناعة
مجموعة الأطفال والشباب
مجموعة الفلاحين
مجموعة السكان الأصليين
مجموعة السلطات المحلية
مجموعة المنظمات الغير الحكومية
مجموعة العلماء و متخصصي التكنولوجيا

?لماذا التنمية المستدامة
يقول المؤرخون أن البشر كانوا يعتمدون قديماً على جمع الثمار والصيد والحياة في مجتمعات صغيرة من أجل البقاء وحدث منذ حوالي ١٠,٠٠٠ سنة أن أجاد الإنسان الزراعة ثم الصناعة ، وبإجادته للكتابة وبراعته في التعليم وبإستخدام ملكات التواصل تمكن من تطوير المجتمعات وبناء الحضارات ، بغير أن يعي التأثير السلبي لتلك التنمية على البيئة. فالتنمية تحدث بالضرورة تغييراً في تركيب الأنظمة البيئية بما يعرف بالتلوث - ولكنه في الحقيقة يجتاز ذلك بمراحل. فقد إكتشف الإنسان متأخراً أن الأنظمة البيئية كالكائنات الحية ، لها قدرة محدودة على الشفاء الذاتي ، تختل بعدها قدرة تلك النظم على إستيعاب التغييرات وتمرض، وفي مرض النظم البيئية هلاك للكائنات التي تحيا من خلالها. ولنا في ظاهرة الإحتباس الحراري وتغير المناخ في ذلك مثل..
.في عام ١٩٧٢ ، فتح كتاب "حدود النمو" - الذي أصدره نادي روما في  ١٥٠ صفحة بالرسوم للتوضيحية - أعين قادة العالم على وجوب الإنتباه لتأثير الأتشطة البشرية على النظم البيئية ، وعن وجوب وضع حدود لنمو الأثر البيئي السلبي لتلك الأنشطة ،  فيما فهمته العامة آنذاك - وقد ترجم لعشرين لغة -  على أنه دعوة لوقف التنمية بشكل عاجل. وفي إجتماعهم بمؤتمر قمة الأرض الأول ،  و بمناقشة محتوى الكتاب خلص الساسة إلى أن إيقاف التنمية من أجل الحفاظ على البيئة غير ممكن عملياً وأن الأوقع هو إعتماد مصطلح التنمية المستدامة: أي إستمرار التنمية مع مراعاة التوازن البيئي

  وتم عام  ٢٠٠٠إعتماد ما يسمى بالأهداف المئوية العالمية
الحد من الفقرالمدقع والجوع
تحقيق تعليم أساسي عالمي
ترويج قيم المساواة بين الجنسين وتمكين المرأة
الحد من وفيات الأطفال
تحسين صحة الأم
 القضاء على مرض الإيدز والملاريا والأمراض الأخرى
العمل على إستدامة البيئة
تطوير شراكة دولية من أجل الإستدامة

وفي ٢٠٠٩ تقرر تنظيم مؤتمر الأمم المتحدة للتنمية المستدامة في أعلى مستوى ممكن عام ٢٠١٢ بقراري رقم 64/236 الصادر في
 ٢٤ديسمبر٢٠٠٩ و  66/197 الصدر ٢٢ ديسمبر ٢٠١١

ومع الكثير من النجاح في تحقيق تلك الأهداف (تقرير الأمم المتحدة عن أهداف الألفية الصادر في٢٠١٥)، إلا أن الإحباطات والإخفاقات كانت أكثر ،  فما زال شبح "الفقر المهين" يخيم  على الشعوب ، ومازال الجوع يحصد آلاف الأرواح ، ومازال الخطر من تبعات التلوث وتغير المناخ يتعاظم ، ولم يسود السلام بعد ولاالحرية ولا المساواة. وذلك لأنه لم توجد آليات واقعية ملزمة للحكومات لتحقق تلك الأهداف ، وقد كتب الأهداف مجموعة من الساسة بغير إستشارة المجتمعات أو إستطلاع آراء باقي البشر، فلم يكن متاحاً في ذلك الوقت ما هو أأفضل ، وبإنقضاء الزمن المحدد للتنفيذ ومع حلول موعد قمة الأرض التالي في عام ٢٠١٢ قرر قادة العالم وضع خطة أكثر واقعيىة ، وتعزيز مشاركة المجتمع المدني والمجموعات الرئيسية  وغيرهم من المعنيين ، وجميع من يرغب بالمشاركة عن طريق العديد من آليات التواصل الإلكتروني وغيرها ، في صياغة المسودات النهائية التي تقدم لقادة الأمم من أجل إتخاذ القرارات المناسبة. وقد تم إعتماد مجموعات إستثنائية من الجمعيات الأهلية للمشاركة في قمة الأرض +٢٠ من بينهم جمعية معلمي المناهج الدولية. وفي قمة الأرض ريو+٢٠ تم أيضاً إعتماد خطة لوضع أهداف جديدة تشتمل على أليات ضمان التنفيذ وتراعي مؤشرات مرحلية لضمان النجاح ، وفوق ذلك ، أن يتاح للجميع المشاركة في صياغتها من خلال آليات غير معقدة ، وذلك بإنقضاء عام ٢٠١٥ - تطويراً لآهداف المئوية العالمية.
وينتظر الإعتماد النهائي لأهداف التنمية المستدامة المطورة  في سبتمبر ٢٠١٥ ،  والتي تعمل على صياغة مسودتها: "برامج الأمم المتحدة والوكالات المتخصصة التا بعة لمنظومة برايتون وودز، بما فيها مجموعة البنك الدولي وصندوق النقد الدولي، ومنظمة التجارة العالمية، ومصارف التنمية الإقليمية، واللجان الإقليمية للأممالمتحدة، وأصحاب المصلحة، بما يشمل البرلمانيين والأوساط الأكاديمية والمنظمات الحكومية ومنظمات المجتمع المدني والمجموعات الرئيسية والقطاع الخاص" ، ومجموعات العمل المفتوحة
 مناقشة المسودة  النهائية لأهداف التنمية المستدامة الجديدة في المنتدي السياسي الدولي رفيع المستوي للتنمية المستدامة  2015
. أما الأهداف الجديدة فيتوقع أن تكون ١٧ هدفاً التي إن تحققت لأصبح عالمنا مثالياً
أصدرت المجموعة الرئيسية للنساء 10  شارات حمراء للتنبية على عدة أوجه قصور بالأهداف الجديدة
ومازالت المفاوضات مستمرة والأمل قائم في غد أفضل

Wednesday, May 6, 2015

Open Innovation in Life Science - Closing the Loop

 Peer-reviewed
 



The first decade of the 21th century has been noted to witness a decline in the pharmaceutical innovation (Kaitin and DiMasi, 2011), with some recent signs of revival (Ward, 2014). According to the Centre for Medicines Research International in the USA, the average success rate of bringing a new drug to the market has declined, since the mid-nineties. Failure occurs predominantly in the later phases of clinical testing, which makes them even more expensive. The business witnessed only 24 new-drug approvals by the United States Food and Drug Administration during 1998 with a $27 billion Research and Development (R&D) cost. However, the industry in 2006 spent $64 billion, for only 13 new drugs, making it to the market (Kaitin and DiMasi, 2011). Some have proposed that the traditional linear model of bioinnovation, is no longer viable, concluding the need for a "fully integrated pharmaceutical networks," (FIPNets/FIPCO) or simply an "ecosystem". In this essay I explore reasons and practicalities of turning to Open Innovation. I also argue a potential enhancement in the quality of input into the earlier phases of drug production, with fungal conservation and bioprospecting as a case in point.






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